Survey Coverage Formulas
Sampling Fraction = Surveyed Area / Total Area
Effective Coverage = Sampling Fraction * (Visibility / 100)
Swath Width = Walkers * Spacing
Total Sites Est. = Sites Found / Effective Coverage
Archaeological survey design balances coverage against resources. Closer walker spacing increases detection probability but reduces area covered. Ground visibility (affected by vegetation, plowing, erosion) directly impacts effective coverage. Standard practice recommends at least 20% sampling fraction for regional surveys.